Xiong Yi, Chief Economist for China at Deutsche Bank Group, stated in a research report that the renminbi exchange rate may reach a trend inflection point as trade tensions ease. Deutsche Bank Research forecasts that by the end of 2026, the RMB is expected to appreciate to 6.7 against the US dollar.

The firm believes factors such as seasonal export patterns, low short positions in offshore RMB against the dollar, and improving inflation expectations could drive the RMB back toward its long-term appreciation trend.

National Standard Methods for Determining Total Nitrogen in Water

The primary national standard methods for determining total nitrogen in water are as follows:

 

“Water Quality - Determination of Total Nitrogen - Potassium Persulfate Alkaline Digestion and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method” (HJ 636-2012)

 

Scope of Application: Surface water, groundwater, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage.

Principle: At 120-124°C, alkaline potassium persulfate solution converts nitrogen in nitrogen-containing compounds to nitrate. Absorbance is measured at wavelengths of 220 nm and 275 nm using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The relationship between corrected absorbance and total nitrogen content is calculated.

Detection Range: 0.2–7 mg/L, detection limit 0.05 mg/L.

Interferences and Elimination: Iodide ions, bromide ions, hexavalent chromium ions, and trivalent iron ions may cause interference. These can be eliminated by dilution or addition of hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution.

Water Quality - Determination of Total Nitrogen - Gas Phase Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy (HJ 199-2023)

 

Scope of Application: Surface water, groundwater, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, and seawater.

Principle: Using alkaline potassium persulfate as an oxidant, nitrogen in the sample is oxidized to nitrate nitrogen via high-temperature high-pressure digestion or online UV digestion. It is then reduced to nitric oxide by titanium trichloride and measured using a gas phase molecular absorption spectrometer.

Detection Range: Detection limit is 0.05 mg/L for both high-temperature high-pressure digestion and online UV digestion; lower limit of quantification is 0.20 mg/L.

Interferences and Mitigation: Hexavalent chromium, trivalent iron, and high concentrations of organic matter may cause interference. Mitigate by dilution or optimizing digestion conditions.

Water Quality - Determination of Total Nitrogen - Flow Injection-Hydrochloric Acid-Naphthylenediamine Spectrophotometric Method (HJ 668-2013)

 

Scope of Application: Surface water, groundwater, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage.

Detection Range: 0.12–10 mg/L.

Water Quality—Determination of Total Nitrogen—Continuous Flow-Hydrochloric Acid Naphthylenediamine Spectrophotometric Method (HJ 667-2013)

 

Scope of Application: Surface water, groundwater, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage.

Detection Range: 0.16–10 mg/L.

Among the above methods, HJ 636-2012 and HJ 199-2023 are currently the most commonly used laboratory determination methods. The specific selection may be determined based on sample type, detection range, and laboratory conditions.

In the long river of time, human civilization is like a flat boat, carrying the yearning for the stars and the sea, but also engraved with the scars left by countless wars. When we look back at history, it is not difficult to realize that the smoke of war has once and for all obscured the sky of peace and drawn countless lives into the abyss of suffering. Why is peace so precious and yet so rare? This question deserves deep reflection by each and every one of us.

Turning over the scroll of history, every page seems to be able to smell the bloody flavor of war. From the surprise attack of the Trojan Horse to the grueling Battle of Changping, from the global havoc of the two world wars to the continuing turmoil of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the wounds brought about by war have never really dissipated. The incinerators of Auschwitz, the mushroom clouds of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the wreckage of Syrian streets riddled with bullet holes ...... These images are a constant reminder that war not only destroys homes, but also tears apart the lives and hopes of countless people. Life is so short and precious, everyone has only a few decades of time, but there are always people who will consume it in the cruel killing each other, this is how heartbreaking tragedy.

The lack of peace stems from the greed and fear in the depths of human nature, from the competition for resources and the game of interests, and from the confrontation of ideologies and the breeding of prejudice. But we must understand that war is never the answer to the problem, it will only bring more hatred, more pain and more death. When missiles cut through the night sky, when tanks run through the streets, no one is a real winner. The tears and despair of the children who lost their loved ones in the war, the refugees who were forced to leave their homes, and those who struggled to survive in the rubble, are the most powerful indictment of war.

In this era of globalization, we are more closely connected than ever before. The outbreak of a war affects not only the conflict area, but also the stability and development of the whole world. Therefore, cherishing peace and praying for peace should not be just an empty slogan, but should be translated into practical actions by each and every one of us. We can start by respecting every life, by eliminating prejudice and discrimination, and by replacing conflict and violence with dialogue and understanding.

Let us pray together that every piece of land will no longer be scorched by war, that every child will grow up under the sunshine of peace, and that every family will be reunited and happy. With love and goodwill, with tolerance and understanding, let us together weave a big net of peace to isolate hatred and violence. For only peace will allow our lives to blossom in the most beautiful light; only peace will allow human civilization to continue to move forward to a better future.

May the light of peace illuminate mankind's common path of return; may the seeds of peace take root and germinate in everyone's heart, and eventually grow into a towering tree that will provide the world with a green shade of tranquillity.