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  • Q Total Chromium > Hexavalent Chromium

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between Hexavalent Chromium and Total Chromium
     
    Chromium in water typically exists as trivalent and hexavalent forms, which can convert under certain conditions. Total chromium is the sum of trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Therefore, for the same water sample, the following logical relationship holds:
     
    Total Chromium > Hexavalent Chromium
     
    Relationship Between Sulfides and Heavy Metals
     
    In the same water sample, high sulfide concentrations correlate with lower concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, etc.). However, this relationship may not hold if heavy metals exist in complexed forms.
     
    Relationship Between Total Bacteria Count, Coliform Bacteria, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria
     
    Coliform bacteria represent only one population among bacterial species and have limited contamination pathways. Long-term testing indicates that samples detecting coliform bacteria also detect total bacteria count. Conversely, samples with high total bacteria counts do not necessarily detect total coliform bacteria. Fecal coliform bacteria belong to the total coliform group and are detected at 44.5°C, which is higher than the 37°C detection temperature for total coliform bacteria. Therefore, fecal coliform values are typically lower than total coliform values, i.e., fecal coliform value < total coliform value.

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Relationship Between Nitrite Nitrogen and Total Nitrogen

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between Nitrite Nitrogen and Total Nitrogen
     
    Nitrogen primarily exists in aquatic environments as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic nitrogen. Therefore, total nitrogen should equal the sum of nitrite nitrogen and organic nitrogen. For the same water sample, the following logical relationships hold:
     
    Total Nitrogen > Ammonia Nitrogen Total Nitrogen > Sum of Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate Nitrogen, and Nitrite Nitrogen
     

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Relationship Between Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen
     
    The distribution and variation of dissolved oxygen in water result from the combined influence of temperature, biological activity, chemical processes, and various physical phenomena. Overall, it is primarily controlled by water temperature, exhibiting pronounced seasonal fluctuations. Dissolved oxygen levels in water show a negative correlation with temperature and generally should not exceed the saturation level corresponding to the prevailing water temperature.
     

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Relationship Between Nitrogen Compounds and Dissolved Oxygen

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between Nitrogen Compounds and Dissolved Oxygen
     
    Since the forms of nitrogen present in the environment change with variations in environmental conditions, particularly influenced by the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water bodies, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen cannot be high simultaneously. Generally, in water bodies with high dissolved oxygen, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen is higher than that of ammonia nitrogen, and conversely, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is higher than that of nitrate nitrogen. Nitrite nitrogen concentrations show no significant correlation with these parameters.

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Relationship Between Petroleum Hydrocarbons and CODcr

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between Petroleum Hydrocarbons and CODcr
     
    Petroleum hydrocarbons are organic pollutants that can be oxidized by potassium dichromate. Higher concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons correlate with elevated CODcr values, though no fixed correlation coefficient exists.

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Relationship Between TOC, CODCr, and CODMn

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Quality Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Relationship Between TOC, CODCr, and CODMn
     
    Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is a comprehensive indicator representing the total organic matter content in water expressed as carbon content. TOC employs combustion methods to fully oxidize organic matter, directly indicating the degree of organic pollution in water bodies. TOC, CODCr, and CODMn are all indicators measuring organic pollution levels in water. Test results from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater across various sectors show significant correlations between TOC and both CODCr and CODMn. Theoretically, CODcr expresses oxygen consumption in terms of oxygen (O₂) consumed, while TOC expresses it in terms of carbon (C). The ratio between them is O₂/C = 32/12 = 2.7. For specific water bodies, this conversion factor is sufficient. However, due to variations in water composition and organic content across different water bodies—and even within the same body of water due to seasonal changes, inflow conditions, production processes, and raw material variations—the conversion relationship between these parameters must be experimentally determined.

    Probest with the PUVCOD900-TOC, PCM200-CODCr, PCM200-CODMn, PUVCOD-900-COD water quality monitoring Analysis. 

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring Total Dissolved Solids and Total Hardness

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Total Dissolved Solids and Total Hardness
     
    Since water contains eight primary ions, including Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, the total hardness of a water sample is defined as the sum of carbonate hardness and non-carbonate hardness. Non-carbonate hardness must be determined. When total hardness is measured using the CO DMn (acidic method), CO Dcr > BOD₅.

  • Q Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring: Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivity

    A
    Interrelationships Among Water Testing Parameters in Environmental Monitoring
    Total Dissolved Solids  （TDS) and Conductivity
     
    Conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistance in aqueous solutions. The greater the concentration of soluble ions in a water sample, the lower its electrical resistance and the higher its conductivity. Therefore, a certain correlation exists between the conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) of a water sample. In natural water, the ratio of TDS to conductivity is approximately 0.55–0.70, though this represents only a rough estimate. If the water sample contains significant amounts of free acids or caustic alkalis, the ratio will be less than 0.55. Conversely, if the sample contains large quantities of salts, the ratio may exceed 0.70.

  • Q What is the Water analysis Monitoring instruments

    A
    Water analysis monitoring instruments, also known as water quality testing equipment or meters, are used to assess water quality by measuring various parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, COD, and concentrations of different chemicals and contaminants

    These sophisticated instruments are designed to measure physical, chemical, and biological parameters of water.

     Water quality analyzers are sophisticated instruments designed to measure various parameters in water, providing insights into its purity and safety. 
     

  • Q What's the difference between DXC20 & UNI20 water transmitter

    A As to DXC20 & UNI20 water transmitters, both are with dual channels and signle channels for your choice. 

    With the same function, Single or Dual-channel transmitter, measured parameters include PH, DO, ORP, conductivity, turbidity, SS, chlorophyll, blue-green algae and other parameters. And realize the plug and play of the
    sensor, the configuration is flexible and convenient.
    Both with the same Features
    Achieve plug and play of sensors, quick and convenient electrode installation and replacement.
    Simple to use, reliable results, interface operation instructions can reduce operation errors.
    LCD screen visual operation, with Chinese and English bilingual navigation menu, rich and comprehensive interface content.
    With 4 ~ 20mA, MODBUS RS485 multiple data output methods.
    Automatically prompt error and alarm information, and realize the upload of alarm signal.
    The transmitter supports wall-mounted installation/panel installation/ pinch tube installation.
    Existing time display, data storage and historical data viewing functions.
    Optional data wireless transmission module.

    Diffence:
    DXC20 is neutral type for OEM, ODM. 
    UNI20 is with PROBEST logo, for our distributors. 

  • Q Does calibrating the pH electrode ensure accurate measurements?

    A Yes, to ensure accurate and precise pH measurements, in-line pH electrodes require regular calibration intervals that are dependent on the process conditions.

    A typical two-point calibration should be performed every two weeks using pH 4.01 and pH 7.00 technical buffers from Probest.

    The results of the calibration provide valuable information about the electrode’s health. The slope and offset values are then used to adjust the electrode for precise pH measurement until the next calibration is due.

  • Q What is the lifespan of a pH electrode?

    A
    Since pH is very much related to the place of use, pH electrodes are marketed as wearing parts without warranty.
     
    At the same time, the service life of in-line pH electrodes is largely dependent on the process conditions. pH electrodes have a service life ranging from a few days to more than a year without degradation of performance.

    However, exposure to highly alkaline process conditions and extreme temperatures can shorten the life of the electrode.

    We are pleased that the pH we sell at PROBEST, customer feedback has been used for over 6 years and is still good, my feedback has been used for over 2 years and is still good.
    Be sure to tell the APPLICATION of use and choose the right PH electrode.

  • Q How does a pH electrodes work?

    A A pH electrode works by measuring the difference in electric potential in mV between a glass membrane or X-Chip and the reference electrode in a solution.

    pH electrodes work by measuring the potential difference in mV between a glass membrane or X-chip and a reference electrode in a solution.
     
    The pH-sensitive portion of the electrode detects the activity of the hydrogen ions at its tip. The silver/silver chloride reference electrode is in contact with the solution through a septum or open junction, providing a stable reference potential. The pH value is then calculated from the potential difference using the calibration parameters of the pH sensor (stored on the sensor for digital ISM sensors and on the transmitter for analog pH sensors).

    Trust PROBEST chanagable PPH-500B ph online Sensor (Changable type) is your best choice for some cases. 
    And we also have other types for your choice, for the complex industry, also for the pure water test. 
     

  • Q What is the range of the PROBEST PUVCOD-900 instrument?

    A PROBEST PUVCOD-900 instrument has three different ranges base on different optical paths for your choice:

     COD (using KHP calibration)：
    0~2000mg/l COD (2mm)
    0~1000mg/l COD (5mm)
    0~90mg/l COD (50mm)

  • Q What are the choices of materials for the contact parts of the PUVCOD instrument? Are they corrosion resistant?

    A
    We offer a variety of material configurations to suit different water quality environments for the PUVCOD-900. 
     
    Housing 316L stainless steel (standard), titanium alloy (high salt/strong acid environments) for salty-water. 

  • Q Is the PUVCOD tester optical type? What is its measuring principle?

    A Yes. PUVCOD is optical type. Optical measurements require no reagents and are easier to maintain, making them suitable for long-term online monitoring.

    Based on the UV absorption reaction by organic matter, the PUVCOD-900 Spectromete Organic  On-Line Analyzer uses the 254 nm spectral absorption coefficient SAC254 to measure the content of soluble organic compound in the water, and it can be converted to COD or BOD values under certain conditions. This method allows continuous monitoring without any reagents.

  • Q How to monitor COD? What is the Role of Water Quality Instruments?

    A

    Water quality instruments are automated devices that continuously monitor Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODmn), a measure of organic pollution in water. They use advanced techniques like UV absorption or laser spectroscopy to estimate CODmn, providing real-time data for industrial or environmental monitoring.
    These instruments are precise and reduce manual labor, making them suitable for settings like wastewater treatment plants. However, they are costly and require regular maintenance.

    For example, the COD analyzer by PROBEST offers constant online measurement, supporting wastewater treatment monitoring.

    How Do Colorimetric and Titration Methods Measure CODmn?

    Colorimetric Method: This involves reacting a water sample with potassium permanganate (KMnO4). After the reaction, the color intensity of the remaining KMnO4 is measured using a spectrophotometer, determining the CODmn from the color change. It's simple and quick but can be less accurate due to interference from the sample's color or turbidity, as noted in a study using N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine for measurement.

    Titration Method: Here, the water sample is reacted with KMnO4, and the remaining KMnO4 is titrated with a standard reducing agent, like sodium oxalate, to calculate the amount consumed, reflecting CODmn. This method is highly precise but time-consuming and requires skilled operators, as described in standard methods.

    What Are the Differences Between These Methods?

    These methods differ in automation, precision, speed, and suitable scenarios:

    Automation vs. Manual Operation: Water quality instruments are automated, ideal for continuous monitoring, while colorimetric and titration methods are manual, requiring laboratory setup.

    Precision: Titration offers the highest precision, water quality instruments provide good accuracy depending on technology, and colorimetric is less precise due to potential interferences.

    Speed: Instruments deliver the fastest results, colorimetric is quicker than titration but still needs preparation, and titration is the slowest.

    Suitable Scenarios: Instruments are best for real-time industrial or environmental monitoring, colorimetric suits routine lab testing where speed matters, and titration is used in research or regulatory compliance needing high precision.

  • Q Detailed product knowledge about water quality analyzer

    A
    Water quality analyzer is a kind of equipment used to monitor and measure various chemical and physical parameters in water, which is widely used in many fields, such as environmental protection, water treatment, water industry and so on. The following is the detailed product knowledge about water quality analyzer:
     
    Classification and function
    Water quality analyzer is divided into multi-parameter tester MP301 MUC200 and single-parameter tester according to its function. Multi-parameter analyzer can simultaneously measure a variety of water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, etc., while the single-parameter analyzer focuses on a single parameter measurement. 
    As to parameters, such as the Dissolved Oxygen Meters, Do Sensor, UVCOD BOD sensors, NH4H Sensor, Turbidity Sensor, Residual Chlorine Analyzer, Total Chlorine Analyzer, Turbidity Meter, TP, TN ect..

  • Q What applications can PROBEST's water quality analyzers be used for?

    A
    Water Monitoring Analysis Applications:

    Water source monitoring: to ensure the safety of drinking water
     
    Environmental protection monitoring station: monitoring environmental water quality
     
    Municipal water treatment process: monitor water quality treatment effectiveness
     
    Municipal water quality monitoring: ensuring the quality of water supply
     
    Rural tap water monitoring: ensuring rural drinking water safety
     
    Circulating cooling water management: widely used in industrial cooling systems
     
    Swimming pool water management: ensuring water safety in swimming places
     
    Factory aquaculture: monitoring water quality to optimize the aquaculture environment, etc.

  • Q What is the minimum number of parameters that can be connected to the MP301? What is the maximum number of sensors that can be connected? What additional parameters can be added?

    A At least one sensor can be connected individually. The maximum number of sensors that can be connected to the MP301 is 6. It can also display the temperature and add pressure sensors.
    Max is 6sensors+pressure+temp. could be connected, please help check what parameters do you need?
    When choose Mp301, please kindly also let us know for saltywater or freshwater monitoring?

    MP301 multi-parameter online analyzer: suitable for long-term on-line online monitoring, measuring up to 8 parameters simultaneously, including: Temperature, Depth, pH, ORP, Conductivity & Salinity & TDS, Turbidity, DO, Chlorophyll, Blue-green algae, Ammonia nitrogen, Nitrate, Chloride, Fluoride. Optional accessories such as bluetooth module, battery pack, and handheld communicator are also available for easy portable measurement.

    Application
    Multi-Parameter water quality online monitoring of rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
    Water quality online monitoring of drinking water source, ground water and sea water.
     

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